• ER stress was monitored by both an increase of the

  2020-11-16

  

  ER stress was monitored by both an increase of the ER chaperone (GRP78, GRP94) and the activation of the ER resident caspase-12. ER stress response (also known as the unfolded protein response) is a defense mechanism against various cellular stresses which causes accumulation of unfolded proteins in

• Although the reasons why viral RNA does not bind

  2020-11-16

  

  Although the reasons why viral RNA does not bind to and activate PKR in WNV-infected cells are not known, some of the known characteristics of flavivirus infections provide possible clues. The viral IL-10, human recombinant protein receptor protein forms dimers that associate with ER membranes and v

• Recently a non proteolytic role of COP

  2020-11-16

  

  Recently, a non-proteolytic role of COP1 in stabilizing PIF3 proteins in the dark has been revealed . Previous studies have shown that the endogenous levels of PIF3 protein in etiolated seedlings were nearly undetectable . Ling found that the GSK3-like kinase BRASSINOSTEROID-INSENSITIVE 2 (BIN2) p

• Increasing evidence supports that the

  2020-11-16

  

  Increasing evidence supports that the B-cell lymphoid malignancies develop from various stages of B-cells, hijacking the mechanisms that drive B-cell differentiation and activation [27]. For instance, mantle cell lymphoma (MCL) and chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) originate from the pre-germinal c

• br Conformational Activation of APC C Enables Binding

  2020-11-16

  

  Conformational Activation of APC/C Enables Binding to the Coactivator CDC20 APC/C comes to life by binding a coactivator. This is controlled in part by phosphorylation and APC/C conformational changes that expose the Aprotinin for the C box and IR tail of the coactivator. In interphase when mitot

• Here we describe preparation of three stable conjugates that

  2020-11-16

  

  Here, we describe preparation of three stable conjugates that are linked by either oxyester, disulfide, or isopeptide bonds (Fig. 10.1). Each of these conjugates depends upon the prior purification of E2 and ubiquitin proteins that have been engineered to favor specific linkages. For the oxyester- a

• Nowadays colorimetric assay has been applied in detecting DN

  2020-11-16

  

  Nowadays, colorimetric assay has been applied in detecting DNA MTase activity. Li et al. used DNA modified gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) coupled with enzyme-linkage reactions to detect the activity of methylases [20]. In a previous study, our group presented a label-free colorimetric method, using unmo

• During host cell interactions G intestinalis trophozoites up

  2020-11-16

  

  During host-cell interactions, G. intestinalis trophozoites up-regulate several cell-associated proteins, including high-cysteine membrane proteins (HCMPs) and variant surface proteins (VSPs) [8]. The parasite also releases around 200 proteins upon host-cell contact, including many proteases [9,10].

• Introduction Cytochrome P CYP A is the most

  2020-11-16

  

  Introduction Cytochrome P450 (CYP)3A is the most important enzyme involved in the metabolism of 30–40% of currently prescribed drugs [1]. The SIS3 synthesis level and activity of CYP3A show large intra- and inter-individual variability, which contributes to unpredictable drug response and toxicity

• Phylogenetic analysis indicates that in poikilothermic verte

  2020-11-16

  

  Phylogenetic analysis indicates that in poikilothermic vertebrates CXCR3a and CXCR3b have evolved independently from a common gene possibly after the 2nd round whole genome duplication but before the split of bony fish and tetrapods (Fig. 1 and Supplementary file 3). Owing to the extra round of whol

• Introduction Eicosanoid lipid prostaglandin D PGD

  2020-11-16

  

  Introduction Eicosanoid lipid prostaglandin D2 (PGD2) is the major prostaglandin produced by activated mast Zalcitabine synthesis (Lewis and Austen, 1981). The physiological function of PGD2 is mainly mediated by two G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs), PGD2 receptor 1 and 2 (DP1 and DP2), which sh

• Besides the regulation of the stress responses CRF and

  2020-11-16

  

  Besides the regulation of the stress responses, CRF and the urocortins have been implicated in drug addiction (Bruijnzeel and Gold, 2005, Sarnyai et al., 2001). For instance nicotine, the addictive substance of tobacco, can activate the HPA axis, just like any other stressor may do, although its imp

• Natural progestogens play an important role in

  2020-11-14

  

  Natural progestogens play an important role in the stimulation of oocyte growth and maturation as well as in spermatogenesis and sperm maturation, and they act as sex pheromones in teleost fish (Kime, 1990, Kobayashi et al., 2002, Nagahama and Yamashita, 2008, Scott et al., 2010). A complex series o

• The mitogen activated protein kinase MAPK pathway is a highl

  2020-11-14

  

  The mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathway is a highly conserved module that mediates the transduction of signals from the cell surface to the nucleus (M. Köbel et al., 2005), meanwhile, it is known to be activated by a wide array of signals ranging from growth and differentiation factors t

• br Introduction Prostaglandins are important local mediators

  2020-11-14

  

  Introduction Prostaglandins are important local mediators in a host of reproductive processes including ovulation, fertilization, embryonic development, luteal regression, and parturition (Ushikubi et al., 2000). Prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) is among the more versatile prostanoids, and its effects app

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